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句间关系与句子功能

David LiuAbout 4 min

句间关系与句子功能

灵魂,先功能后信息

展开,可以不关注具体的细节

opposing viewpoints 一组对立的引用观点

situate the debate over

信息题:整篇文章逻辑关系的把握

句子功能题和选句子题

句子功能题

The author mentioned sth. In order to ... / serve to / intend to / function / purpose / role

其实就是在考句间关系的,不能被细节干扰了

句子功能题解题步骤

  1. 定位,根据逻辑标志词判断句间关系
  2. 形成对于选项的预判(预判)
  3. 正选答案

先看功能,带着预期再看信息

前提:A states a premise for B

因果:

  1. A be responsible for B (A 导致 B)
  2. A in responsible to B (B 导致 A)
  3. A reflect B (B 导致 A,果反因)
  4. A, just as B (B 导致 A,果反因)
  5. A give rise to B (A 导致 B)

句间关系

推理和因果不相等

  1. 顺承

    • 推论

      由事实顺着推出结论(观点)

      思考一下观点想干嘛;如果和因果关系相关,明确因果的方向

    • 展开

      由结论(观点)展开出事实

  2. 转折

    • 观点转折/质疑(针对引用观点)
    • 怪事
    • 方向转折/转向
  3. 让步

    经常与转折一起出现

    • 妥协
    • 辅助构成怪事
  4. 比较

    • 比较
    • 类比
  5. 并列

    是个伪逻辑,不能判断具体的情况

    可能都重要(比如这两个都是观点),也可能是都不重要(比如这几个都是例子)

    前后两句功能应该类似

  6. 补充

    背景补充,逻辑线很弱

  7. 引出

    背景,功能、逻辑线很弱

顺承

function 1 观点/推论

逻辑标志词

  1. 单句功能-观点的标识
  2. must, can, cannot, should, may, clearly, probable, likely, unlikely
  3. sth. Indicate/imply/seem/suggest/mean 推理

2 3 的特殊性:视角需要根据后文是否进行反驳进行进一步确认

功能预判:(选项功能的预判)

State a view/ assertion/ contention/ position/ perspective/ interpretation/ point/ understanding/ conjecture/ speculation/ implication/ significance

State an implication that explains a discovery(因)/ predict the consequence(果)

projection = prediction = 推论 + 推的是将来

function 2 展开

无特殊标志词时,默认这个

逻辑标志词

  1. 明显延续前一句视角(视角无变化)

    according to the previous view / Accordingly/ in sb's view ...

  2. 例子、证据

    For example/ for instance/ evidence that ...

  3. 易混词:rather/ instead/ indeed,展开

    我不是坏人。Rather,我是好人(前后意思一致,前文是否定版表述,后文是肯定版表述)

    逻辑词,不好翻的话,别翻,就当删掉知道是展开同意思即可

    rather than 和 instead of 是表反义,但是单独使用就是展开

  4. 冒号后面

  5. 无视角标志及逻辑标志词

功能预判

  1. 支持观点
  2. 观点或结论的前提

provide evidence/example/reasoning/information that support a view

support/illustrate/elaborate/endorse a view

state the premise of a conclusion

emphasize

corroborate 证实

转折

转折词

But/ yet/ however/ nonetheless/ nevertheless/ though

观点转折/质疑

逻辑标志词:引用观点 + 转折词

But/ yet/ however/ nonetheless/ nevertheless/ though

功能判断

Challenge/ refute (驳斥)/ question/ call into question/ run contray to/ weaken/ qualify (限制) a view/

注:正确选项质疑的点需要与原文中的争议点保持一致

反驳证据一般是错的,因为

undermine a constrast 颠倒对比

though 连词 尽管

though 副词 但是(though 后面跟逗号',')

Skeptical

怪事

逻辑标志词:事实+转折词

功能预判

Describe a paradox/ unexpected phenomenon/ surprise/ anomaly/ puzzle

(开头两句上怪事的时候,后文一般会把怪事解释清楚)

转向

(考概念题比例低,但是主旨题比例高)

逻辑标志词:事实/作者观点+转折词

功能判断:

turn the topic that will be further explored in the following passage

acerbic 尖刻的

patron 赞助人

patronage 赞助

attenuate 减弱

pension 养老金

让步

标志词

句内:

although, though, even though/if/as, despite, in spite of, for all, while(让步比较多), (whereas(对比更多))

句间:(两个句子,后面)

It is true that, True, of course, Certainly, Surely,

It is not to deny that, Admittedly(承认),

sb. admit/acknowledge/accept/concede

妥协

功能判断:(选项功能的预判)

两个方向:承认对立面,或者限制自己的观点

  1. Concede(承认)/ admit/ accept/ acknowledge/ the validity of the opposing viewpoint
  2. qualify the author's xxx 轻微限制自己的观点

预期不能过于强烈,所以 prove/ emphasize/ suppose/ support = provide a rationale(理由) 错误

辅助构成怪事

功能判断:(选项功能的预判)

Explain why the following fact is surprising

比较

比较的功能

双主体的比较:

To elaborate the differences/ similarities between A and B

单主体

to emphasize the uniqueness of A/B (对比)

to illustrate A/B (类比)

需要先通过前后文确定比较的功能(单主体还是双主体)

比较

重点:需要找到比较的重心

标志词

Differ, rather than, instead of, whereas, while, however 等转折词,比较级

类比

标志词

Same, similar, analogous, as ... as, no difference, as though, as if