句间关系与句子功能
句间关系与句子功能
灵魂,先功能后信息
展开,可以不关注具体的细节
opposing viewpoints 一组对立的引用观点
situate the debate over
信息题:整篇文章逻辑关系的把握
句子功能题和选句子题
句子功能题
The author mentioned sth. In order to ... / serve to / intend to / function / purpose / role
其实就是在考句间关系的,不能被细节干扰了
句子功能题解题步骤
- 定位,根据逻辑标志词判断句间关系
- 形成对于选项的预判(预判)
- 正选答案
先看功能,带着预期再看信息
前提:A states a premise for B
因果:
- A be responsible for B (A 导致 B)
- A in responsible to B (B 导致 A)
- A reflect B (B 导致 A,果反因)
- A, just as B (B 导致 A,果反因)
- A give rise to B (A 导致 B)
句间关系
推理和因果不相等
顺承
推论
由事实顺着推出结论(观点)
思考一下观点想干嘛;如果和因果关系相关,明确因果的方向
展开
由结论(观点)展开出事实
转折
- 观点转折/质疑(针对引用观点)
- 怪事
- 方向转折/转向
让步
经常与转折一起出现
- 妥协
- 辅助构成怪事
比较
- 比较
- 类比
并列
是个伪逻辑,不能判断具体的情况
可能都重要(比如这两个都是观点),也可能是都不重要(比如这几个都是例子)
前后两句功能应该类似
补充
背景补充,逻辑线很弱
引出
背景,功能、逻辑线很弱
顺承
function 1 观点/推论
逻辑标志词
- 单句功能-观点的标识
- must, can, cannot, should, may, clearly, probable, likely, unlikely
- sth. Indicate/imply/seem/suggest/mean 推理
2 3 的特殊性:视角需要根据后文是否进行反驳进行进一步确认
功能预判:(选项功能的预判)
State a view/ assertion/ contention/ position/ perspective/ interpretation/ point/ understanding/ conjecture/ speculation/ implication/ significance
State an implication that explains a discovery(因)/ predict the consequence(果)
projection = prediction = 推论 + 推的是将来
function 2 展开
无特殊标志词时,默认这个
逻辑标志词
明显延续前一句视角(视角无变化)
according to the previous view / Accordingly/ in sb's view ...
例子、证据
For example/ for instance/ evidence that ...
易混词:rather/ instead/ indeed,展开
我不是坏人。Rather,我是好人(前后意思一致,前文是否定版表述,后文是肯定版表述)
逻辑词,不好翻的话,别翻,就当删掉知道是展开同意思即可
rather than 和 instead of 是表反义,但是单独使用就是展开
冒号后面
无视角标志及逻辑标志词
功能预判
- 支持观点
- 观点或结论的前提
provide evidence/example/reasoning/information that support a view
support/illustrate/elaborate/endorse a view
state the premise of a conclusion
emphasize
corroborate 证实
转折
转折词
But/ yet/ however/ nonetheless/ nevertheless/ though
观点转折/质疑
逻辑标志词:引用观点 + 转折词
But/ yet/ however/ nonetheless/ nevertheless/ though
功能判断
Challenge/ refute (驳斥)/ question/ call into question/ run contray to/ weaken/ qualify (限制) a view/
注:正确选项质疑的点需要与原文中的争议点保持一致
反驳证据一般是错的,因为
undermine a constrast 颠倒对比
though 连词 尽管
though 副词 但是(though 后面跟逗号',')
Skeptical
怪事
逻辑标志词:事实+转折词
功能预判
Describe a paradox/ unexpected phenomenon/ surprise/ anomaly/ puzzle
(开头两句上怪事的时候,后文一般会把怪事解释清楚)
转向
(考概念题比例低,但是主旨题比例高)
逻辑标志词:事实/作者观点+转折词
功能判断:
turn the topic that will be further explored in the following passage
acerbic 尖刻的
patron 赞助人
patronage 赞助
attenuate 减弱
pension 养老金
让步
标志词
句内:
although, though, even though/if/as, despite, in spite of, for all, while(让步比较多), (whereas(对比更多))
句间:(两个句子,后面)
It is true that, True, of course, Certainly, Surely,
It is not to deny that, Admittedly(承认),
sb. admit/acknowledge/accept/concede
妥协
功能判断:(选项功能的预判)
两个方向:承认对立面,或者限制自己的观点
- Concede(承认)/ admit/ accept/ acknowledge/ the validity of the opposing viewpoint
- qualify the author's xxx 轻微限制自己的观点
预期不能过于强烈,所以 prove/ emphasize/ suppose/ support = provide a rationale(理由) 错误
辅助构成怪事
功能判断:(选项功能的预判)
Explain why the following fact is surprising
比较
比较的功能
双主体的比较:
To elaborate the differences/ similarities between A and B
单主体
to emphasize the uniqueness of A/B (对比)
to illustrate A/B (类比)
需要先通过前后文确定比较的功能(单主体还是双主体)
比较
重点:需要找到比较的重心
标志词
Differ, rather than, instead of, whereas, while, however 等转折词,比较级
类比
标志词
Same, similar, analogous, as ... as, no difference, as though, as if